https://history-maps.com/courses/civil-war/john-browns-holy-war-terrorist-or-heroic-revolutionary

https://history-maps.com/people/jadwiga-of-poland

https://history-maps.com/battlemaps/battle-of-leipzig-1813

On This Day, October 16, 1869, Girton College was the very first women's college in Cambridge. The college was established by Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon.

Girton College is one of the 31 constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge. In 1976, it was the first Cambridge women's college to become coeducational.

Its sister college is Somerville College, one of the first two women's colleges of Oxford.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Forth

https://history-maps.com/story/Chinese-Civil-War/event/Long-March

https://history-maps.com/story/Tang-Dynasty/event/Empress-Wu

Additionally, Roosevelt spared the shooter from being lynched and then turned him over to the police. Being an experienced hunter and anatomist, Roosevelt knew the bullet had not punctured his lung because he was not coughing blood. He then spoke for 50-90 minutes (depending on the source) before seeking medical help. The bullet remained lodged near his rib for the rest of his life.

On This Day, October 15, 1970, a massive section of Melbourne’s West Gate Bridge in Australia suddenly collapsed during construction, killing 35 workers and seriously injuring 18 others.

It was just before lunchtime.

At approximately 11:50 a.m., a 112-meter section of the unfinished bridge gave way, sending around 2,000 tonnes of steel and concrete plunging nearly 50 meters toward the ground and the Yarra River below.

Some workers were high above the river, working on the bridge itself. Others were taking their lunch break in temporary huts beneath the structure.

In seconds, the enormous span came crashing down.

The impact destroyed the huts below and buried workers beneath twisted steel and shattered concrete. Rescue teams rushed to the scene, searching through the wreckage for survivors.

But the tragedy had been preceded by serious construction problems.

Engineers had discovered that two sections of the bridge did not align properly. Heavy concrete blocks were placed on one section in an attempt to correct the difference in height.

The structure buckled under the stress. As workers attempted to correct the deformation by removing bolts, the span suddenly failed.

A Royal Commission later investigated the disaster and identified serious problems involving the bridge’s design and construction methods.

The collapse devastated families and communities across Melbourne. Thirty-five workers never returned home, leaving behind wives, children, parents, and friends.

Yet their deaths also changed workplace safety in Australia.

The tragedy helped drive stronger occupational health and safety measures, including greater attention to construction risks, worker representation, and safety oversight.

The West Gate Bridge was eventually completed and opened in 1978. Today, a memorial honors the 35 workers who died.

What if I told you that one of the most recognizable features of Abraham Lincoln’s appearance might have started with advice from an 11-year-old girl?

In 1860, as Lincoln campaigned for the presidency, a young girl named Grace Bedell from Westfield, New York, decided to write him a letter. Her suggestion? Grow a beard! Grace thought Lincoln’s face looked too thin and believed that growing whiskers might make him look better. She even suggested that women might encourage their husbands to vote for him if he grew a beard!

Now, imagine being a presidential candidate and receiving campaign advice from a fifth-grader! But here's the surprising part: Lincoln actually responded to her letter. And before long, he began growing the famous beard that would become part of his image for generations.

Then, in February 1861, while traveling to Washington, D.C., after winning the election, Lincoln's train stopped in Westfield. He asked if Grace Bedell was there, and the two finally met in person! Imagine being eleven years old and having the future president of the United States recognize you because of a letter you wrote.

Grace couldn't vote for Lincoln, but she found another way to make her voice heard. Her story reminds us that you don't have to be a president, a general, or a famous historical figure to leave your mark on history. Sometimes, all it takes is a simple idea and the courage to share it.

On this day, October 15, 1917, the famous Dutch dancer and courtesan Mata Hari faced the firing squad at Vincennes near Paris, accused of being a double agent during World War I.

Born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle on August 7, 1876, in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, she reinvented herself as Mata Hari, a name meaning “eye of the day” or “the sun” in Malay.

Her exotic dances, beauty, and charm captivated high-ranking officers, politicians, and the elite across Europe.

During the chaos of WWI, she was accused of spying for Germany while working for France, leading to her arrest by French authorities in February 1917. After a dramatic and controversial trial, she was executed on October 15, 1917, at the age of 41.

For decades, historians debated her guilt, was she truly a spy or a scapegoat for France’s wartime failures?

In the 1970s, newly released German documents revealed she had acted as an agent, though her real impact on the war remains uncertain.

Some say she was a traitor.
Others say she was a victim of politics and fear.

Either way, Mata Hari remains one of history’s most fascinating and tragic figures, a woman whose life blurred the line between seduction, espionage, and survival.