A team of researchers invented a research technique that doesn't exist, complete with made-up acronyms and stats, and paid a Chinese "get your brand into AI answers" vendor $14 to promote it. Within 28 minutes the vendor had 13 posts live on sites like Sohu, Toutiao and Zhihu. Within the hour, Doubao, ByteDance's chatbot and China's most-used AI app (382M monthly users), was citing one of those posts and repeating the planted details back as an answer.
That's from a paper a Fudan University team just put out, "From Public Posts to AI-Search Citations" (accepted at NDSS 2027, one of the big security conferences). They wanted to know how hard it is to get stuff into AI search answers. Turns out: not very.
The $14 purchase was a one-off, so treat it as an anecdote. Their controlled tests are the bigger story:
- They published a fake concept on sites AI engines already like to cite. 8 of 10 platforms cited it within a week, including ChatGPT, Google AI, Perplexity and Grok.
- Doubao picked it up on day one. After they deleted the posts, it kept citing them for the rest of the test.
- 40 posts on a regular self-hosted WordPress blog got zero citations in a week. Where you post matters way more than how much.
- DeepSeek was the only one that never cited any of the planted content in their main tests.
And the part I didn't expect: Chinese chatbots lean hard on their parent company's own sites. 25.9% of Doubao's citations went to ByteDance-owned domains, 13.5x the share those same domains got on other platforms. Baidu's Wenxin did the same with Baidu sites (13.7x), and Tencent's Yuanbao with Tencent sites (6.3x).
Fair caveats: fake topics with zero competition are the easiest possible case, the numbers are from a spring 2026 snapshot, and the authors say clearly that this doesn't mean any given cited page is paid. They reported everything to all 10 platforms.
But it changes how I read those little source links. They look like fact-checking. Mostly they tell you which websites the engine trusts, and a lot of those let anyone with a fresh account post within minutes.
So which is worse: an AI that mostly cites its parent company, or one that cites whatever got posted on Sohu an hour ago?
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Link to our article - It has all the citations and sources folks have been asking for : https://sanbi.ai/blog/doubao-china-scale-sources-citations-agentic-commerce