Led by writer Plínio Salgado, the AIB claimed to oppose racism, but many members held antisemitic and racist views.

Integralists wore green shirts; their opponents called them "galinhas verdes" (green chickens) as a result.

After Vargas's overthrow in 1945, Plínio established the Party of Popular Representation (PRP), which was dissolved by the military dictatorship twenty years later. Despite no longer being relevant, Brazilian Integralism still has a limited following.

Around 1848, the canon Don Justo Apu Sahuaraura Inca sent a letter to President Zachary Taylor via the American writer and traveler Samuel Greene Arnold. In this letter, the Inca requested assistance from the American president and expressed his discontent regarding the treatment he and his people had received at the hands of the Republic of Peru.

Sahuaraura had been close to Marshal Santa Cruz and had sympathized with the Confederate side years earlier, during the war of 1836–1839. Following the fall of the Confederates, the victorious faction began to take reprisals against all those who had supported that project. Sahuaraura had received word of the massacre committed by Gamarra’s troops —along with Chilean forces—against the Indian Confederates.

By that time, however, he had become completely disillusioned with republican promises; the only hope for his people—or perhaps for himself—lay in the Anglo-Saxon world.

“In a letter addressed to Zachary Taylor, President of the United States of America, the elderly Sahuaraura recalled an ancient prophecy, which foretold that the Inca Empire would be restored ‘with the help of a people from a country called England.’ Since the prophecy did not specify whether this referred to ‘Anglo-Europeans’ or ‘Anglo-Americans,’ he reasoned that the ‘Children of the Sun’ could follow ‘their own inclinations.’ Consequently, he placed himself ‘under the protection and shelter of that republic—and of yours—which, I trust, will not disdain to receive an unfortunate prince such as myself.’” (J. Flores Espinoza, 2001)

Letter from Justo Apu Sahuaraura Inca to the President of the USA in 1848:

“Gen. Z. Taylor, President of United States.”

[TRANSLATION.]

“To the most Excellent President of the United States of North America: From the Capital of the Sovereign Incas of Cuzco, the 18th of August, 1848:

“The possessor of my profoundest Respect and Veneration:

“A Peruvian prince, the seventh in descent from the Emperor Huaynacapac, the most immediate branch of the sovereign Incas, places himself under the protection and auspices of your excellency, entreating that you will have the goodness to receive his homage.

“When the Spaniards entered the Peruvian Empire, giving the name of conquest to a sanguinary devastation, they found in the principal temple of Cuzco various prophecies, and among them one that foretold the destruction of the empire, together with its rites and ceremonies; and that this was to take place in the reign of the twelfth emperor.

“When the Emperor Huaynacapac was told by his vassals in Tampis that there had appeared on the coast certain canoes like houses, the crews of which were composed of bearded men very different from themselves, he said that a tradition existed among the members of the royal family to the effect that there should come from beyond the sea an unknown people who would destroy the empire, its religion, rites, and ceremonies. This, he said furthermore, was to take place during the reign of the twelfth emperor; and, as he was the twelfth in succession, the prediction was, doubtless, about to be fulfilled, even as it is said in the prophecy, ‘Inter alia vaticinia, quae de amissione Regni loquuntur.’

“Moreover, the prediction inspired the Children of the Sun with the hope that the day would arrive in which they should be a people from a country called England; and, so that Your Excellency may be fully apprised of the entire prophecy, I transcribe it here as follows:

“Et Deum ego testor, mihi a Dn. Antonio de Berreo afirmatum, quemadmodum etiam ab alijis cognovi, quod in præcipuo ipsorum Templo inter alia vaticinia, quae de amissione Regni loquuntur, hoc enim sit, quo dicitur fore, ut Incae, sive Imperatores et Reges Peruviae, ab aliquo Populo, qui ex Regione quadam, quo [quae] Inglaterra vocetur, in Regnum suum rursus introducantur.”

Since the prophecy does not explicitly state whether they will be Anglo-Europeans or Anglo-Americans, it seems to me that the Children of the Sun should follow their own inclinations. I, like others, am convinced—and hear constantly—of the great kindness with which all those who lean toward the Great Republic of North America have been received. For these reasons, and because of my own personal preference, I place myself under the protection of the Republic and of Your Excellency—who, I trust, will not disdain to receive an unfortunate prince such as myself.

I pray that the Almighty may preserve Your Excellency’s health for as many years as America may require it, and I remain, as ever, the humble priest who kisses Your Excellency’s hands.

I am, Most Excellent Sir, Dr. Dn. Justo Sahuaraura Inca.”

References:
.- The World We Live in, Robert Turnbull (1851).
.- The Taylor Anecdote Book: Anecdotes and Letters of Zachary Taylor (2015).

"We stand alone against drug trafficking and terrorism. Successive governments have abandoned us, and as a result, criminal organizations linked to illicit economies are murdering our leaders with total impunity." (Asháninka Council; Radio RPP, 2023)

"Those were truly terrible times. Many of our brothers died, many children died, and many women were left on their own. We fought against the terrorists to defend our families, our ancestral lands, and our identity. We, too, are heroes, yet the State has forgotten us." (Santiago Contoricón, 2013)

"I was young then. They spoke to us about Marx, Mariátegui, Lenin, and a 'people’s revolution'—but those were not our words, nor were they our thoughts. They claimed we were all equal, yet they failed to understand our way of life and our culture; they did not grasp that we wanted no part in their conflict with the government. To them, we were merely poor peasants expected to fight in their war. That is why we rejected their ideology. We did not want to harm our own people or abandon our land. We simply wanted peace—to live as our parents, and their parents before them, had lived." (Antonio Shingari, 2004)

"One night, I dreamt that the full moon fell into the Nehuachi River and split in two upon impact. But the two fragments quickly rose from the water, rejoined into their natural form, and the moon shone once again. I could not make sense of the dream until the Asháninka uprising took place—an effort to rescue my father, Alejandro Calderón, after he had been kidnapped by the MRTA. We swept through the entire Pichis region; we did not find my father, but we did manage to rid the land of the terror that had nearly seized control of the Asháninka territory. Peace returned." (Alcides Calderón, 2020)

“They killed us for not obeying. If we didn’t attend their meetings, they accused us of treason. That is why we took up arms and went to fight against them. We didn’t want war, but we had to defend ourselves against the terrorists.” (Fernando Casanto, 2006)

References:
.- The genocide of the Quechua in Peru between 1980–1992, Mei Li Kwong – University of Wisconsin (2006).

I see a lot of hate on Columbus, but we shouldn’t erase history.

Her work is characterized by the use of oneiric, scientific, and mystical elements.

Reference(s):

.- AGN, Secretariat of the Interior (20th century), Migration Department, Spaniards, box 247, file 033, “Varo Uranga, Remedios.”

Don Ángel Vega Enríquez was a prominent researcher, journalist, jurist, and cultural promoter in Cuzco during the 19th and 20th centuries. He was the last known descendant of the controversial Betancur Túpac Amaru lineage, and a member of a significant, influential, and wealthy family of landowners in the Cuzco region.

He founded the newspaper El Sol de Cuzco and served as the foremost indigenista intellectual of his time, inspiring figures such as Luis E. Valcárcel and Uriel García, among other scholars of the Cuzco indigenismo movement. Furthermore, he took it upon himself to defend indigenous communities against abuses committed by other landowners, dedicating a portion of his fortune to a campaign against gamonalismo (the exploitative system of rural landowning bosses). He was a staunch opponent of hispanismo and a critic of the elite in Lima. He sought to elevate the figure of Manco Inca as an archetype of the struggle against "Spanish colonialism."

Glossary:

1) Hispanismo is a cultural and academic movement dedicated to the study and/or defense of the literature, history, art, and culture of the Spanish-speaking world.

2) Indigenismo is a political, cultural, and academic current centered on the representation, defense, or integration of Indigenous peoples within the framework of nation-states.

Reference(s):

.- Ángel Vega Enríquez: un gestor de la historia cuzqueña [Ángel Vega Enríquez: A Promoter of Cuzco’s History], Dr. Donado Amado Gonzales (2004).

Bomb disposal technicians spent hours trying to defuse the device, but it exploded, killing Cortés and one of the technicians.

The Caifases played a key role in the campaign that led Brazil to abolish slavery in 1888.

One of the bombs detonated prematurely inside a car, killing Sargeant Guilherme Pereira do Rosário and gravely wounding captain Wilson Luiz Chaves Machado.

Police and military investigations attempted to cover up the participation of state agents in the attack, but later investigations found out it was an instance of state terrorism.