"[...]When talking to Rolling Stone, Bowie thought that the entire appeal of the album was because of how much it didnāt feel like it should be listened to, saying,
'In making The Downward Spiral, he encouraged the computer to misconstrue input, willed it to spew out bloated, misshapen shards of sound that pierced and lacerated the listener. Second to The Velvet Underground, there has never been better soul-lashing in rock.'
If anything, Lou Reedās brand of rock and roll may be the only other companion piece to this kind of record. After all, Reznorās use of distortion wasnāt that different from how The Velvets used it on their album White Light/White Heat, and as far as the storyline goes, the album takes what Reed was getting at on an album like Berlin and took it even further by making it sound like one of the most intense experiences one can have while sitting completely still.
And just like any genre that struck his fancy, Bowie knew that he wanted to take a crack at it as well, eventually making Earthling as an ode to that style of music by making insane beat switches and allusions to drum and bass music. āThe Heartās Filthy Lessonā was priming the pipes for this, but āIām Afraid of Americansā is clearly more in line with what Bowie was aiming for.
Reznor was looking to quote what he felt inside, which eventually led to him producing for Bowie and touring with him in the 1990s, where they played a version of āHurtā together.[...]"
https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/rock-album-david-bowie-called-soul-lashing/